Nigeria's inability to withstand external pressure, particularly economic sanctions, is a stark contrast to Iran's resilience. The Islamic Republic has faced decades of sanctions, ranging from the post-1979 rupture with the United States to the multilateral restrictions of the nuclear era. Despite these challenges, Iran has maintained a strong sense of national identity and a durable cultural memory.
In Nigeria, however, the concept of nationhood is often fragmented. The country's institutions are weak, and its publics are easily swayed by seasonal rent-seekers who prioritize their personal interests over the national good. Even in times of crisis, Nigerians often prioritize their ethnic, religious, or regional affiliations over their loyalty to the state. This is evident in the way Nigerians express their patriotism, which is often conditional and activated by the proximity of their section of the country to power.
A recent experience in London highlighted this phenomenon. When asked what Nigeria meant to them, individuals from different ethnic backgrounds offered varied responses, with many expressing loyalty to their community, religion, or ethnicity before the Nigerian state. This sentiment is echoed in survey evidence, which shows that Nigerians often express tolerance for diversity but struggle with national belonging due to experiences of ethnic discrimination.
The country's short-lived experience with sanctions under General Sani Abacha was survived due to the unitary character of the military government, which did not create room for divisions. However, this coerced nationalism was not a sustainable strategy, and Nigeria's inability to adapt to external pressure has left it vulnerable to economic shocks.
The Nigerian state's failure to instill a sense of national identity and loyalty among its citizens has severe consequences. It undermines the country's ability to withstand external pressure, including economic sanctions, and perpetuates a culture of rent-seeking and division. The experiences of Nigerians from different ethnic backgrounds, who prioritize their community, religion, or ethnicity over the Nigerian state, highlight the need for a more inclusive and cohesive national identity. The country's institutions must be strengthened to promote a shared sense of purpose and civic responsibility.
